1. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Proton pump inhibitors, including omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole, are commonly prescribed to reduce stomach acid for conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. While effective, long-term use beyond recommended durations—usually not exceeding three months—has been associated with increased risk of dementia.
The mechanism behind this risk may involve reduced absorption of vitamin B12, a nutrient essential for healthy nerve and brain function. Deficiency in vitamin B12 can cause neurological symptoms, including memory impairment and cognitive decline.
One epidemiological study involving thousands of participants showed that extended PPI use correlated with a higher incidence of memory loss and dementia diagnoses. However, short-term or appropriately supervised use remains generally safe.
- Limit PPI use to prescribed durations and indications.
- Monitor vitamin B12 levels during prolonged therapy.
- Discuss alternatives or step-down therapies with your healthcare provider.
